Will history repeat itself after Kali Yuga ends? Has everything that happened in Treta Yuga and Dwapara Yuga happened again (like Ramayan and Mahabharat)?

 Short answer is NO. To answer this question, one must be aware of what is meant by Manvantara and Kalpa along with Yuga.

What is meant by Manvantara and Kalpa?

There are 4 four yugas in 1 yuga cycle and the length of the four yugas is 43,200,00 years.

Satya Yuga equals 1,728,000 Human years

Treta Yuga equals 1,296,000 Human years

Dvapara Yuga equals 864,000 Human years

Kali Yuga equals 432,000 Human years

1 cycle of four Yugas is called as Mahayuga or Chaturyuga

71 Mahayugas is called as Manvantara

14 Manvantaras is called as Kalpa

1 Kalpa is equal to 12 hours in Satya Loka of Lord Brahma

2 Kalpas is equal to 1 full day (24 hours) of Lord Brahma

Bhagavata explains the duration of Yugas as follows:

catvāri trīṇi dve caikaṁ
kṛtādiṣu yathā-kramam
saṅkhyātāni sahasrāṇi
dvi-guṇāni śatāni ca

Translation

The duration of the Satya millennium equals 4,800 years of the years of the demigods; the duration of the Tretā millennium equals 3,600 years of the demigods; the duration of the Dvāpara millennium equals 2,400 years; and that of the Kali millennium is 1,200 years of the demigods.

Purport

As aforementioned, one year of the demigods is equal to 360 years of the human beings. The duration of the Satya-yuga is therefore 4,800 × 360, or 1,728,000 years. The duration of the Tretā-yuga is 3,600 × 360, or 1,296,000 years. The duration of the Dvāpara-yuga is 2,400 × 360, or 864,000 years. And the last, the Kali-yuga, is 1,200 × 360, or 432,000 years.

Ref: Srimad-Bhagavatam Canto 3: The Status Quo CHAPTER ELEVEN

Lord Brahma has 360 days in a year. 100 years of Lord Brahma is called as Mahakalpa and on reaching 100 years, Lord Brahma gets Moksha(salvation). The entire three worlds (Devaloka,Bhuloka and Asuraloka) are destroyed by fire emanating from the mouth of Lord Vishnu's serpent Adisesha. This annihilation is overseen by Shiva who engages in his cosmic dance (Tandava) in order to direct all this destruction. Then Brahma is reborn marking the start of a new Mahakalpa and then the cycle begins again.

Now coming back to two questions:

Will history repeat itself after Kali Yuga ends?

Yes, the yuga cycle is endless and will keep repeating.

Will Ramayan and Mahabharat happen again?

There has been countless Treta Yuga and Dwapara Yuga before this current Kali Yuga. We are currently living in Shveta-Varaha Kalpa. Within this Brahma’s day, six manvantaras have already elapsed and this is the seventh manvantara named as Vaivasvata manvantara.

Ramayana happened in the 24th Treta Yuga of present Vaivasvata Manvantara. Here is what the Matysa Purana(oldest of all puranas) says while enumerating various incarnations of Lord Vishnu in the Vaivasvata Manvantara in chronological order:

In the 24th Treta Yuga, the seventh manifestation was that of Sri Ramchandra, as the son of Dasharatha, and with Vasishta as the priest, to kill Ravana.

Ref: Matsya Purana

Vayu Purana (70.48) says:

Tretayuge chaturvinshe ravanastapasah kshayat

Ramam Dasharathim prapya saganah kshayamiyavan

Which means that Ravana met Rama, the son of Dasaratha in a battle field during treta yuga of 24th mahayuga. Skanda Purana also confirms the same. Parashurama was born on 19th Treta Yuga not the same Treta Yuga which Lord Rama belongs.

Next avatar of Lord Vishnu which is Krishna took place in 28th Dvapara Yuga. This is when Mahabharata happened. Lord Vishnu doesn’t take incarnations on every Yuga. He himself told in Bhagavad Gita that:

yada yada hi dharmasya
glanir bhavati bharata
abhyutthanam adharmasya
tadatmanam srjamy aham

TRANSLATION

Whenever and wherever there is a decline in religious practice, O descendant of Bharata, and a predominant rise of irreligion—at that time I descend Myself.

Ref: Bhagavad Gita

The future incarnations of Lord Vishnu in the upcoming 7 manvantaras is given in Bhagavatam. All of them are partial incarnations. Nothing is known about incarnations of Lord Vishnu in future kalpas.

Image Courtesy: Google

Top 5 Creatures That Live for 100+ Years

Some animals can live for over a century, defying time itself. According to the International Fund for Animal Welfare, here are the top 10 longest-living creatures on Earth.

1) Glass Sponges: 10,000 years-15,000 years

Source: Reddit

Glass Sponges are the oldest living creatures in the world. Glass sponges (Hexactinellida) are deep-sea animals with silica-based, glass-like spicules forming intricate skeletons. Some create “glass houses” that remain intact after death. 

Their skeletons and chemicals help defend against predators, though some starfish still feed on them. Thy attach to hard surfaces, filtering bacteria and plankton while providing shelter for others.

According to scientists, these glass sponge reefs went extinct 40 million years ago, leaving behind massive fossil cliffs spanning Spain, France, Germany, and Romania. These reefs seemed lost to time. 

Source: Futurity

However, in 1987, Canadian scientists uncovered 9,000-year-old living glass sponge reefs off British Columbia’s northern coast—the only known reefs of their kind today. These deep ocean creatures can live up to more than 10,000 years and a maximum of 15,000 years.

A glass sponge found in Antarctica’s Ross Sea is believed to be the oldest living animal on Earth. Scientists also discovered a glass sponge skeleton in the East China Sea, estimated to be 11,000 years old—so ancient it may have lived during the last Ice Age.

2) Black Coral: 5,000 years

Source: Lanzarote Villa Choice

Black coral (Antipatharia) is a deep-sea coral known for its dark, tree-like skeleton. Unlike reef-building corals, it lacks symbiotic algae and thrives in deep, cold waters. Its flexible, black skeleton has been used for jewellery, but overharvesting has made some species endangered.

And to your surprise, two of the oldest corals were found in the deep oceans of Hawaii. Additionally, there is a golden coral too, which is estimated to live up to 2,740 years, whereas the black coral is estimated to live up to 4,270 years.

Source: Adobe Stock

Golden coral refers to a rare and slow-growing deep-sea coral, primarily found in the Pacific Ocean, particularly around Hawaii. Some golden corals, like Gerardia, can live for thousands of years, making them one of the longest-living marine organisms.

Black corals provide shelter for many marine creatures and can live for thousands of years, with some specimens estimated to be over 4,000 years old, making them among the longest-living marine organisms.

3) Giant Barrel Sponges: 2,300 years

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Source: American Oceans

The giant barrel sponge (Xestospongia muta) is one of the largest and longest-living sponges in the ocean. Found in the Caribbean Sea and surrounding tropical waters, it has a barrel-shaped structure that can grow over 6 feet (1.8 meters) tall.

Some giant barrel sponges are estimated to be over 2,000 years old, making them one of the oldest living animals in the ocean. Due to their size and longevity, they are often called the "redwoods of the reef."
One of the longest-living giant barrel sponges was found by some men near Key Largo, Florida, and may have lived over 2,300 years. This means they began their lives during the time of the Roman Empire.

These sponges play a vital role in marine ecosystems by filtering large amounts of water, removing bacteria, and providing shelter for various marine species.

4) Greenland Sharks: 500 years

Source: Shark Angels

Greenland is the world's largest island, located between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of Canada and northwest of Europe. The island is known for its Arctic climate, stunning glaciers, and unique wildlife, including polar bears and whales. 

But there’s more; it is also the home for the Greenland Shark, which is one of the largest cartilaginous fishes. This means Greenland sharks are the longest-living vertebrates in the world. 

A female Greenland shark reaches her sexual maturity at the age of 156, after which she is ready to breed, welcoming her pups into the world. 

Source: Forbes

These sharks can live up to 500 years and are considered in the list of the top predators. These sharks weigh 1,000 kg (2,200 lb), reaching a maximum confirmed length of 6.4 m (21 ft) long.

These are also known as gurry sharks or grey sharks, and to your shock, their meat is considered toxic for mammals due to its high levels of trimethylamine N-oxide. In Iceland, their treated form is eaten as a delicacy known as kæstur hákarl.

The reason for their long lifespan is that these sharks thrive in the cold waters of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, which probably slows down their metabolism and biochemical activity, which inversely extends their lifespan. 

5) Rougheye Rockfish: Over 200 years

Source: UPI

Rougheye rockfish are a special kind of deepwater fish. They live in the North Pacific, from Japan to California. They like cold, deep waters, usually between 500 and 2,000 feet down. These fish can grow up to 3 feet long. They have a reddish-pink color with dark blotches.

The oldest known rougheye rockfish lived 205 years old. It was caught off Alaska in 1993. Scientists figured out its age by counting growth rings in its ear bones, like tree rings.

Source: School of Fish

Rougheye rockfish belong to the Sebastes group of rockfish. There are over 100 types of rockfish, but rougheye stand out for their long lives. They eat shrimp, crabs, and small fish. Unlike many fish, they don’t lay eggs—they give birth to live babies.

These fish grow slowly. They don’t rush to get big. Their long life helps them survive in the tough, deep ocean. Fishermen catch them for food, but their numbers are watched to keep them safe.

Other Animals That Have the Longest Lifespan

Source: Vajiram & Ravi

Although many animals live over 100 years, such as some species of tortoises, they live over 100 years. One such example is the Aldabra giant tortoise, which is one of the largest tortoises in the world and is native to the Seychelles.

It can generally live up to 150 years and weigh up to 250 kilograms (550 pounds). The 250-year-old Addawaita was one of these Aldabra giant tortoises that lived in captivity in India and died in 2006.

Additionally, the critically endangered radiated tortoise, native to Madagascar, is known for its long lifespan, typically reaching around 50 years in the wild.

However, one captive individual, Tu’i Malila, reportedly lived to 188 years. Born in 1777, this tortoise resided in Tonga’s royal palace until it died in 1966.

Another famous tortoise, Harriet, a Galápagos tortoise, was believed to have hatched around 1830. Originally taken into captivity by Charles Darwin, she spent most of her life in Australia. Harriet lived at the Australia Zoo until her passing in 2006 at over 175 years old.

Source: Animals | HowStuffWorks

Similarly, ocean quahogs are aquatic clams that can live up to 225 years. These centenarians are found in the North Atlantic, from Newfoundland to North Carolina. 

They are commercially harvested for human consumption. One striking thing about them is that they grow very slowly, which means they reach maturity at the age of 6.

Source: New Scientist

The bowhead whales are also included in the list of the longest-living creatures, living up to 200 years. These aquatic mammals live in the icy waters of the Arctic and subarctic oceans and are considered the longest-living whales—as well as the longest-living mammals. 

These whales don’t mate until they are turned 25. Additionally, due to the high level of commercial hunting, these whales are endangered, which is why they are protected by CITES, the US Endangered Species Act, and the US Marine Mammal Protection Act.

ಕ್ಷೀರಪಥವು ಎಷ್ಟು ಬೆಳಕಿನ ವರ್ಷಗಳಷ್ಟು ದೂರದಲ್ಲಿದೆ?

 ಮನೆಯೊಳಗೆ ಇರುವ ನಾನು ಮನೆ ನನ್ನಿಂದ ಎಷ್ಟು ದೂರ ಇದೆ ಎಂದು ಕೇಳಿದ ಹಾಗಾಯ್ತು..

ಅದರ ಬದಲು ಮನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ನಾನು ಎಲ್ಲಿದ್ದೇನೆ ಎಂದು ತಿಳಿದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವ ಪ್ರಯತ್ನ ಮಾಡುವುದಾದರೆ,

ಹಾಲುಹಾದಿ ನಕ್ಷತ್ರಪುಂಜ ಅಂದರೇನೆ ಅಂದಾಜು 100 ರಿಂದ 400 ಬಿಲಿಯನ್* ನಕ್ಷತ್ರಗಳ ಒಂದು ಗುಂಪು ..

(*400 000 000 000)

ಸಾಂದರ್ಭಿಕ ಚಿತ್ರ : image courtesy - wikipedia

ಅಷ್ಟು ದೊಡ್ಡ ಗುಂಪಿನಲ್ಲಿನ ಯಾವುದೋ ಒಂದು ನಕ್ಷತ್ರ ನಮ್ಮ ಸೂರ್ಯ.

ಆ ಸೂರ್ಯನೆಂಬ ನಕ್ಷತ್ರದಿಂದಲೂ ಸುಮಾರು 150 ಮಿಲಿಯನ್* ಕಿ. ಮೀ ದೂರದಿಂದ ಆ ನಕ್ಷತ್ರದ ಸುತ್ತ ಗಿರಕಿ ಹೊಡೆಯುತ್ತಿದ್ದೇವೆ ನಾವು (ಭೂಮಿಯಲ್ಲಿರುವವರು).. (*150 000 000)

(ಕೆಳಗಿನ ಚಿತ್ರದ ಬಲ ಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಸೂರ್ಯನ ಸ್ಥಾನವನ್ನು ಗುರುತಿಸುವುದಕ್ಕೆ ವೃತ್ತವನ್ನು ದೊಡ್ಡದಾಗಿ ತೋರಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ ಅಷ್ಟೇ.. ವಾಸ್ತವದಲ್ಲಿ ಹಾಲು ಹಾದಿಯ ಈ ರೀತಿಯ ಚಿತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಸೂರ್ಯನಾಗಲೀ ಸೌರಮಂಡಲವಾಗಲೀ ಕಣ್ಣಿಗೆ ಕಾಣುವುದೇ ಇಲ್ಲ.. ಮತ್ತು ಸೂರ್ಯನಿಗಿಂತ ಅದೆಷ್ಟೋ ಕೋಟಿ ಪಟ್ಟು ದೊಡ್ಡ ನಕ್ಷತ್ರಗಳೂ ಸಹ ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಸಣ್ಣ ಸಣ್ಣ ಚುಕ್ಕಿಗಳೇ)

ಸಾಂದರ್ಭಿಕ ಚಿತ್ರ : image courtesy - Astronomymagazine

ಇನ್ನು ಹಾಲುಹಾದಿಯ ಉದ್ದಗಲಗಳನ್ನು ನೋಡುವುದಾದರೆ,

ಸುಮಾರು 105000 ಬೆ.ವ.* ಇದರ ವ್ಯಾಸವಿದ್ದು , ಕೇಂದ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ 1000 ಬೆ.ವ.* ದಪ್ಪವಿದೆ.

(*ಬೆ.ವ. - ಬೆಳಕಿನ ವರ್ಷ - ಬೆಳಕು ಒಂದು ವರ್ಷದಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ರಮಿಸುವ ದೂರ ->300000x60x60x24x365=9 461 000 000 000 ಕಿ.ಮೀ.~9.5 ಟ್ರಿಲಿಯನ್ ಕಿ.ಮೀ.)

ನಮ್ಮ ಸೂರ್ಯನು ಅದರ ಕೇಂದ್ರದಿಂದ ಸುಮಾರು 25800 ಬೆ.ವ. ದೂರದಲ್ಲಿದೆ ಎಂದು ಅಂದಾಜಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ, ಅಂದರೆ ನಾವೂ ಸಹ ಸರಿ ಸುಮಾರು ಅಷ್ಟೇ ದೂರದಿಂದ ಹಾಲು ಹಾದಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸುತ್ತುತ್ತಿದ್ದೇವೆ ಎಂದು ಅರ್ಥೈಸಬಹುದು.

ಸಾಂದರ್ಭಿಕ ಚಿತ್ರ : image courtesy - physicsforum

ಸೂರ್ಯನು ಹಾಲು ಹಾದಿಯನ್ನು ಒಂದು ಬಾರಿ ಸುತ್ತಲು ಸುಮಾರು 225 ರಿಂದ 250 ಮಿಲಿಯನ್ ವರ್ಷಗಳನ್ನು ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಾನೆ ಅಂತಾದರೆ, ಸೂರ್ಯನು 4.5 ಬಿಲಿಯನ್ ವರ್ಷಗಳಷ್ಟು ಹಳೆಯದು ಎಂಬ ಲೆಕ್ಕಾಚಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ಭೂಮಿಯು ಇದುವರೆಗೆ ಹಾಲು ಹಾದಿಯನ್ನು 18 ಬಾರಿ ಸುತ್ತು ಹಾಕಿದೆ. (ಜೊತೆಜೊತೆಗೆ ಸೌರಮಂಡಲವೂ, ನಮ್ಮ ಭೂಮಿಯೂ ಎಂದಿಟ್ಟುಕೊಳ್ಳೋಣ)

ಸಾಂದರ್ಭಿಕ ಚಿತ್ರ : image courtesy - imgur

How Gmail Has Evolved Over the Years

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Gmail turned 9 this month, and before we know it, it will be heading off to middle school. It's grown up fast. In fact, it knows 57 languages now — the latest one being Cherokee.

Google's email platform has greatly evolved since its inception, with a lot of user feedback taken into account.

"Gmail was inspired by one user’s feedback that she was tired of struggling to find emails buried deep in her inbox," the company said on its official blog. "So we built a new email that leveraged the power of Google Search. You told us you were tired of spam, so we set to tackling that, and today your feedback makes it possible for Gmail to filter out well over 99% of incoming spam."

The company posted on Wednesday an infographic outlining how it's changed in time.

We almost forgot we had to wait a whole two years for GChat. Not to mention you had to be invited to sign up for an account by an existing user for the first three years. And although Gmail got its first Android app in 2009, the site didn't officially leave its beta test phase that same year.

For a full look at how the platform has evolved, check out the infographic below (click to enlarge) and let us know in the comments what you'd like to see from Gmail in the future.