Have any large cruise ships sunk due to bad weather conditions?

 In 1991, a massive winter storm sank a 500-foot luxury cruise ship. The passengers survived only because a magician and a guitarist took command after the captain fled in the first lifeboat.

While modern passenger ships are floating fortresses designed to withstand extreme weather, a cascade of mechanical failures can still turn a severe storm deadly.

This infamous incident involved the Greek-owned MTS Oceanos. Battered by 30-foot swells and 74-knot winds off South Africa's Wild Coast, the ship's hull sustained damage that burst a vital sea valve. Water poured into the generator room, knocking out the main engines and leaving the vessel adrift and powerless in the churning sea. With the senior officers gone, the remaining staff coordinated an airborne rescue with military helicopters. Miraculously, all 571 people on board were saved before the ship rolled over and plunged to the bottom.

A much deadlier weather-related sinking occurred in 1994 with the MS Estonia. While technically a Ro-Ro (roll-on/roll-off) cruiseferry, the Estonia was a 515-foot vessel carrying nearly a thousand passengers across the Baltic Sea. During a severe autumn storm, punishing waves repeatedly slammed into the ship. The immense force tore the 50-ton bow visor completely off, allowing the sea to flood the expansive, open car deck. The ship lost its stability in minutes and sank in under an hour, claiming 852 lives.

Today, maritime engineering has advanced to the point where weather alone cannot sink a modern mega-ship. In 2016, the Anthem of the Seas inadvertently sailed directly into a hurricane featuring 100 mph winds and 30-foot waves. Passengers endured hours of terror and the interior suffered cosmetic damage, but the ship itself remained structurally sound. Sheer scale, redundant watertight compartments, and computerized stabilizers ensure that contemporary cruise ships can ride out the worst nature has to offer.

The Greek-owned luxury cruise ship MTS Oceanos in port in 1986. Five years later, extreme weather caused the ship to sink off the coast of South Africa. Photo by Peter J. Fitzpatrick is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.

How much would the sea level fall if there were no more ships in the water?

 Accordingly, there are 10,377 ships in all the world's armies, 53,732 ships in all the world's merchant fleets, approximately 4.6 million fishing boats worldwide, and roughly 30 million recreational vessels. This therefore amounts to approximately 35 million ships of all classes.

The largest ship ever built in the world was the Seawise Giant , which displaces 657,019 tons.

If the 35 million ships on Earth were that large, they would displace about 23 gigatons (23 x 10e⁹). In contrast, all the water in Earth's oceans weighs on the order of 1.4 exatons (1.4 x 10e¹⁸). That's a difference of 9 orders of magnitude.

The weight of 23 gigatons, therefore, translates well to a volume of 23 cubic kilometers. The area of ​​Earth's oceans is 361.9 million square kilometers. If we spread those 23 cubic kilometers over the total area of ​​the oceans (23/361,900,000), we find that the ocean would shrink by about 0.064 millimeters (approximately the thickness of a sheet of paper).

Where do cruise ships get their water from and how do they store it?

 Cruise ships get their water from two main sources: the sea and the port. Cruise ships have advanced water treatment systems onboard that can convert seawater into freshwater. These systems use either reverse osmosis or evaporation to remove the salt and other impurities from the seawater.

Cruise ships also get their water from the port when they dock or anchor near the shore. They can connect to the local water supply and fill up their water tanks with fresh water. Cruise ships store their water in large tanks that are usually located in the hull of the ship.

The tanks are made of stainless steel or plastic, which can prevent corrosion and contamination. The tanks hold millions of liters of water, depending on the size and capacity of the ship. The water is then distributed to different parts of the ship through pipes and pumps. The water is also treated and disinfected before it reaches the end user, using methods such as chlorination, ozonation, UV radiation, etc.

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