Who are the Bollywood stars then and now? Can you tell who's who?

 1

---

• With time to introspect and think about memories, Bollywood celebrities are turning to share some nostalgia-filled photos. First up is hero-dotted photo shared by Ayesha Shroff, mother to Tiger Shroff. In this many years old picture there stands a baby Tiger in the arms of his father, Jackie. There’s also Salman Khan, Aamir Khan, Govinda and Anil Kapoor (with future movie star Sonam Kapoor).

2

• Speaking of Sonam, here she is getting some cake thanks to the late icon Sridevi while a young Hrithik Roshan is in the background.

3

• Alia Bhatt with mum Soni Razdan

4

• Alia Bhatt with her father, Mahesh.

5

• This childhood picture of Bollywood actor Ranbir Kapoor, is a part of an old family portrait.

6

Sonakshi Sinha.

7

• Shraddha Kapoor at home, young and younger (left).

8

• Actor Ranveer Singh shared this picture of his wife Deepika Padukone, on Instagram to wish his "marshmallow" on her birthday.

9

• Deepika Padukone was always a statuesque beauty.

10

• Here's a young Ranveer Singh. These days the actor seems to be on beach vacation at a destination unknown with Deepika.

11

• Here's a childhood snap of actor Hrithik Roshan, who was recently seen in the movie War.

12

• Always at the centre of drama? A young Kangana Ranaut (left) was all dressed up for a bit in a school play. Now, the actor finds herself in the eye of a storm every so often, sometimes for her controversial remarks and sometimes for the airing of angry grudges.

13

• Shah Rukh Khan's fans often share his childhood photos online. Here's an adorable one.

14

• That smile is still infectious after all these years Parineeti Chopra

15

• Here's an old photo of actress Sara Ali Khan, daughter of Bollywood actors Amrita Singh and Saif Ali Khan.

16

• This mother-son duo have come a long way - still as adorable though. Say hello to Jaya and Abhishek Bachchan.

17

• Sonam Kapoor shared this picture of her childhood days on one of her social media channels.

18

Tiger Shroff with his father Jackie (on the right). Can you believe that scrawny child went on to become the fierce Tiger we know today?

19

• Kareena Kapoor Khan was recently surprised by her son, who is about the same age as her in her picture on the left, this week – he painted her some flowers.

20

• Salman Khan, or Bhai as he is affectionately called by fans, has always had a glint of mischief in his eyes. Check out his latest funny deed: he released Pyaar Karona, a song for the times.

21

• Here's a childhood photo of actor Sanjay Dutt. The actor is currently dealing with homesickness as his family - wife and daughter - are in Dubai while he is in India. "When the lockdown was announced, unfortunately, Maanayata and my children were already in Dubai. In the past, I have spent periods of my life in a lockdown. Back then and even now, the one thought that stays with me is the way I miss my family. For me, they are everything," Dutt told Indian newspaper Times of India.

Biggest Stars of our Milky Way Galaxy

 Imagine the biggest star we know, called UY Scuti. This star is so huge that if we placed it at the center of our solar system instead of the Sun, its outer layer, called the photosphere, would stretch all the way out to where Jupiter orbits. In other words, it would be even bigger than the Sun and would engulf space up to Jupiter's orbit, which is really far from the center of our solar system.

But that is not all, there are various factors taken into consideration while determining the size of a star, and some of them are.

1. Mass: The amount of matter a star contains is a crucial factor in determining its size. Stars with more mass tend to be larger.

2. Age: As stars age, they can change in size. Some stars expand as they evolve, becoming larger as they reach different stages of their life cycles.

3. Composition: The elements and gases that make up a star also play a role. Stars with different compositions can have varying sizes.

4. Temperature: The temperature of a star's core can affect its size. Higher core temperatures can lead to more intense nuclear reactions, which can either cause a star to expand or contract.

5. Gravity: The gravitational force acting on a star can influence its size. Stars with stronger gravity tend to be more compact, while weaker gravity can allow a star to expand.

6. Internal Pressure: The balance between the gravitational force pulling a star's matter inward and the pressure from nuclear reactions pushing outward determines its size. When these forces are in equilibrium, a star has a stable size.

These factors interact in complex ways, leading to a wide variety of star sizes and shapes in the universe.

Why do neutron stars have magnetic fields?

 

If you're wondering why neutron stars have magnetic fields, you're not alone. These cosmic badasses are some of the most extreme objects in the universe, and their magnetic fields are no joke.

They can be millions or even trillions of times stronger than Earth's, and they can blast out beams of radiation that make them look like cosmic lighthouses.

Neutrons can have tiny magnetic moments, but they're not enough to explain the huge fields of neutron stars.

No, the real culprits are the protons and electrons that still lurk inside these dense balls of matter.

You see, when a massive star collapses into a neutron star, it squeezes its core so hard that most of the electrons and protons fuse into neutrons.

But not all of them.

Some of them survive in a thin crust on the surface, or in a superfluid state in the interior. And these charged particles can still move around, creating electric currents that generate magnetic fields.

The neutron star also spins very fast, because it conserves the angular momentum of its parent star. And as it spins, it drags the magnetic field lines along with it, twisting and amplifying them into a powerful dynamo.

This dynamo can also be fueled by convection, which is when hot fluid rises and cold fluid sinks, creating complex flows inside the star.

So there you have it. Neutron stars have magnetic fields because they have charged particles, rotation and convection. And these factors can combine to create some of the most mind-blowing magnets in the cosmos.

Will there still be any stars burning in a trillion years?

 Well let’s take a look at the types of stars we have. I’ll start with the largest, Super Giant Stars

These big balls of death consume themselves so quickly they only last a few million years before self-destructing as supernovae. The remaining core may form a black hole if the star was massive enough.

When these guys go supernovae they spread their gases throughout the universe and these gases coalesce to form more stars, such as several like our own. They could create other types of stars such as other super giants or the gases might float in the universe forever.

Next up, a neutron star:

The core of a giant star that, like the super giant, died several million years after its birth. Neutron stars are extremely dense and emit energy as they spin.

Eventually, after a very long time, they will ‘spin down’ and stop emitting energy. This may take billions or trillions of years (we’re not exactly sure) and the oldest known neutron stars are up to ten billion years old.

Next, Red Dwarf Stars

Little red, the runt of the cosmic litter.

The most common type of stars, they emit so little light you won’t see them with the naked eye at night.

Compared to larger stars such as the Sun, they can burn a larger proportion of their hydrogen before leaving the main sequence. They have estimated lifespans far longer than the present age of the universe. The lower the star’s mass the longer its lifespan.

From wikipedia:

It is believed that the lifespan of these stars exceeds the expected 10-billion-year lifespan of our Sun by the third or fourth power of the ratio of the solar mass to their masses; thus, a 0.1 M☉ red dwarf may continue burning for 10 trillion years.

Yikes!

When you consider that there’s going to be a lot of supernovae over the next few tens of billions of years, perhaps longer, the last surviving star in the universe may not actually be born yet.

In short, yes, there will be a healthy neighborhood of stars still burning 1 trillion years from now.

All Important Facts About Stars

 1. Stars Are Giant Balls of Gas

• Stars are massive celestial bodies primarily made of hydrogen and helium.
• They generate energy through nuclear fusion, converting hydrogen into helium in their cores.

2. Stars Have Life Cycles

• Like living beings, stars are born, age, and die.
• Lifecycle stages: Nebula → Protostar → Main Sequence Star → Red Giant/Supergiant → White Dwarf, Neutron Star, or Black Hole.

3. Stars Are Born in Nebulae

• Nebulae are vast clouds of gas and dust in space where stars are born.
• Gravity pulls gas together, and as the core temperature rises, a protostar is formed.

4. Our Sun is a Star

• The Sun is a main-sequence star, a typical yellow dwarf.
• It's about 4.6 billion years old and is halfway through its life cycle.

5. Stars Vary in Size, Color, and Temperature

• Color indicates temperature: Blue stars: hottest (30,000°C+) White/Yellow stars: medium temperature Red stars: coolest (~3,000°C)
• Size ranges from small red dwarfs to massive supergiants.

6. The Nearest Star After the Sun is Proxima Centauri

• Located 4.24 light-years from Earth in the Alpha Centauri system.

7. Stars Can Live for Millions to Trillions of Years

• Massive stars burn fuel quickly and may live only a few million years.
• Smaller stars (like red dwarfs) can live for trillions of years.

8. Stars Die in Dramatic Ways

• Massive stars explode in a supernova, often leaving behind a neutron star or black hole.
• Smaller stars become white dwarfs, slowly fading over time.

9. Binary and Multiple Star Systems Are Common

• Many stars are part of binary or multiple systems, orbiting a common center of gravity.

10. Stars Create Elements

• Nuclear fusion in stars creates heavier elements (carbon, oxygen, iron).
• After a supernova, these elements spread through space—essential for forming planets and life.

11. Stars Form Constellations

• Humans have grouped stars into patterns called constellations, used for navigation and storytelling.
• Examples: Orion, Ursa Major, Leo, and Cassiopeia.

12. There Are Billions of Stars in the Galaxy

• Our Milky Way alone has an estimated 100–400 billion stars.
• The universe has trillions of galaxies, each containing billions of stars.

13. Stars Influence Time and Navigation

• Ancient civilizations used stars for tracking time, seasons, and navigation.
• The North Star (Polaris) has guided travelers for centuries.

14. Star Clusters Exist

• Stars often form in groups called clusters: Open clusters: young stars, loosely bound Globular clusters: older, tightly packed stars

15. Stars Can Vary in Brightness

• Apparent brightness is how bright a star appears from Earth.
• Absolute brightness (luminosity) is how bright it actually is at a standard distance.

Bonus Fun Facts:

• The light from stars takes years to reach us—some stars we see today might already be dead.
• Stars twinkle because of Earth’s atmosphere distorting their light.
• Betelgeuse, a red supergiant in Orion, is so large it could engulf the orbit of Jupiter.

If stars were the size of atoms, how much space would the Milky Way Galaxy take up?

The sun is a medium size star. If the sun were as small as an atom, and the the other stars are proportionately as small, how big the Milky-Way galaxy would be? YOu know Sun is a medium sized star. We will use Sun for the comparison.

• Diameter of Sun 1.4 million KM
• Diameter of Milky-Way 100,000 light years

From this, we can compare the size difference between the Sun and the Milky-Way. One light year is 9.46 Trillion kilometers. Which is 9,460,000 million KM. So, in a distance of 1 light year, you can fit (9,460,000/1.4) 6,757,143 Suns.

Now, let is see, how many Suns can fit inside the Milky-Way. With 100,000 light years across, the Milky-Way can fit (6,757,143x100,000) 6,757,143,000,000 Suns.

So, when the sun is as small as an atom, the Milky-Way galaxy would be as big as 6,757,143,000,000 atoms. Let us see, how big space those many atoms can take. One centimeter contains 100,000,000 atoms. So, 6,757,143,000,000 atoms will take a length of ( 6,757,143,000,000/100,000,000) 67,571 centimeters. That is 676 meter (approx.).

When the sun is as small as an atom, the Milky-Way galaxy will be as big as a circle that have a diameter of 676 meter. That circle will have an area of 358,726 square meters. Which is roughly as big as a football stadium.

If the space were microscopic size, if the stars were as small as atom, the galaxies would still be as big as stadiums.

ಗ್ರಹಗಳು, ನಕ್ಷತ್ರಗಳು ಗೋಳಾಕಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾಕೆ ಗೋಚರಿಸುತ್ತವೆ?

 ಬೃಹತ್ ಗಾತ್ರದ ಗ್ರಹಗಳು , ನಕ್ಷತ್ರಗಳು ಗೋಳಾಕಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾಣುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ಕಾರಣ.,

ಗುರುತ್ವಾಕರ್ಷಣೆ. (Gravity) :

ಗುರುತ್ವಾಕರ್ಷಣೆಯು ( Gravity ) ಗ್ರಹದ.ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಕಡೆಯಿಂದ ಸಮಾನವಾಗಿ ಎಳೆಯುತ್ತದೆ. ಗುರುತ್ವಾಕರ್ಷಣೆಯು ಬೈಸಿಕಲ್ ಚಕ್ರದ ಕಡ್ಡಿಗಳಂತೆ ಮಧ್ಯದಿಂದ ಅಂಚುಗಳಿಗೆ ಎಳೆಯುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದು ಗ್ರಹದ ಒಟ್ಟಾರೆ ಆಕಾರವನ್ನು ಗೋಳವನ್ನಾಗಿ ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ.

ನಕ್ಷತ್ರಗಳು ‌:

ನಕ್ಷತ್ರಗಳ ಗೋಳಾಕಾರದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಹೇಳುವುದಾದರೆ , ನಕ್ಷತ್ರಗಳು ಪ್ಲಾಸ್ಮಾ ಎಂಬ ಬಿಸಿ ಅನಿಲದಿಂದ ಮಾಡಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ನಕ್ಷತ್ರಗಳ ಗುರುತ್ವಾಕರ್ಷಣೆಯಿಂದಾಗಿ ಅನಿಲವನ್ನು ನಕ್ಷತ್ರದ ಮಧ್ಯ ಭಾಗಕ್ಕೆ ಎಳೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಆದರೆ ಆ ಅನಿಲವು ನಕ್ಷತ್ರದ ಮಧ್ಯ ಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ನೆಲಸುವುದಿಲ್ಲ , ಅಥವಾ ಬಾಹ್ಯಾಕಾಶಕ್ಕೂ ವಿಸ್ತರಿಸುವುದಿಲ್ಲಾ. ಗುರುತ್ವಾಕರ್ಷಣೆಯು ಎಲ್ಲಾ ದಿಕ್ಕುಗಳಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಸಮಾನವಾಗಿ ಕಾರ್ಯನಿರ್ವಹಿಸುತ್ತದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಅನಿಲವು ಎಲ್ಲಾ ದಿಕ್ಕಿನಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಸಮಾನವಾಗಿ ಹರಡಿ ಪರಿಪೂರ್ಣ ಗೋಳದ ಆಕಾರವನ್ನು ರೂಪಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.

ನೀವು ಕೇಳಬಹುದು , ಭೂಮಿ ಮತ್ತು ಇತರ ಗ್ರಹಗಳು ಪರಿಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಗೋಳಾಕಾರವಾಗಿರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ , ಎರಡು (ಸಮಭಾಜಕ) ಕಡೆ ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಬಲ್ಜ್ ಆಗಿ ಅಂಡಾಕಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ತಮ್ಮ ಸುತ್ತಲೂ ತಿರುಗುತ್ತವೆ ಎಂದು.

ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ಎರಡು ಕಾರಣಗಳಿವೆ,

1). ತನ್ನ ಅಕ್ಷದ ಸುತ್ತಲೂ ತಿರುಗುವ ವೇಗ.

2). ಗ್ರಹಗಳ ಒಳಭಾಗ ಹೊರಭಾಗಕ್ಕಿಂತ ದಪ್ಪವಾಗಿರುವ ಕಾರಣ..

1) ಶನಿ ಮತ್ತು ಗುರು ಗ್ರಹಗಳು ಸುತ್ತುತ್ತಿರುವಂತೆ ಸಮಭಾಜಕ ( Equator ) ಉದ್ದಕ್ಕೂ ಉಬ್ಬುತ್ತವೆ. ಏಕೆಂದರೆ ಒಂದು ಗ್ರಹವು ತಿರುಗಬೇಕಾದರೆ ಹೊರ ಅಂಚಿನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ವಸ್ತುಗಳು ಒಳಗಿನ ವಸ್ತುಗಳಿಗಿಂತ ವೇಗವಾಗಿ ಪ್ರಯಾಣಿಸುತ್ತವೆ.

ಗ್ರಹಗಳು ಎಷ್ಟು ವೇಗವಾಗಿ ತಿರುಗುತ್ತವೆಯೋ ಅವುಗಳ ಸಮಭಾಜಕದ ಕಡೆ ಜಾಸ್ತಿ ಬಲ್ಜ್ ಆಗುತ್ತದೆ. ತಿರುಗುವಿಕೆಯಿಂದಾಗಿ ( Spinning) ವಸ್ತುಗಳು ಗ್ರಹದಿಂದ ಹಾರಲು ಬಯಸುವ ವಿಧಾನ ಮತ್ತು ಗುರುತ್ವಾಕರ್ಷಣೆಯು ಆ ಗ್ರಹದ ವಸ್ತುಗಳನ್ನು ಒಳಕ್ಕೆ ಎಳೆಯಲು ಬಯಸುವ ವಿಧಾನ ವೇ ಹಗ್ಗ ಜಗ್ಗಾಟ. ಈ ಹಗ್ಗ ಜಗ್ಗಾಟದ ಶಕ್ತಿಯು ಸಮಭಾಜಕದಲ್ಲಿ ತೀರ್ವವಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ.

ಹಾಗಾಗಿ ಜಾಸ್ತಿ ತಿರುಗುವ ( Spinning) ಗ್ರಹಗಳು ಜಾಸ್ತಿ ಬಲ್ಜ್ ಆಗಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ಶನಿ ಮತ್ತು ಗುರು ಗ್ರಹಗಳು ಬೇರೆಲ್ಲ ಗ್ರಹಗಳಿಗಿಂತ ವೇಗವಾಗಿ ತಿರುಗುವ ಕಾರಣ ಜಾಸ್ತಿ ಬಲ್ಜ್ ಆಗಿರುತ್ತವೆ.

ಭುಧ ಮತ್ತು ಶುಕ್ರ ಅತಿ ನಿಧಾನವಾಗಿ ತಿರುಗುವ ಕಾರಣ ಪರಿಪೂರ್ಣ ಗೋಳಗಳಾಗಿವೆ.

Spinning (ತಿರುಗುವಿಕೆ) speeds of the 8 planets.

ಗ್ರಹ / ತಿರುಗುವ ವೇಗ. / ತಗಲುವ ಸಮಯ

ಗುರು — 45,583 ಕಿ ಮೀ / ಗಂಟೆಗೆ - 9 ಗಂಟೆ, 55 ನಿ.

ಶನಿ — 36,840 ಕಿ ಮೀ/ ಗಂಟೆಗೆ - 10 ಗಂಟೆ, 33 ನಿ.

ಯುರೇನಸ್ — 14,784 ಕಿ ಮೀ/ಗಂಟೆಗೆ- 17ಗ, 14 ನಿ.

ನೆಪ್ಚೂನ್ — 9719 ಕಿ ಮೀ/ಗಂಟೆಗೆ - 18 ಗ, 26ನಿ.

ಭೂಮಿ — 1674 ಕಿ ಮೀ/ಗಂಟೆಗೆ - 23 ಗ, 56 ನಿ.

ಮಂಗಳ — 866 ಕಿ ಮೀ/ಗಂಟೆಗೆ - 24 ಗ, 36 ನಿ.

ಶುಕ್ರ. — 6.52 ಕಿ ಮೀ/ ಗಂಟೆಗೆ - 243 ದಿನ, 26 ಗ.

ಭುದ — 10.83 ಕಿ ಮೀ/ ಗಂಟೆಗೆ - 58 ದಿನ, 16 ಗ.

2) ನಮ್ಮ ಸೌರವ್ಯೂಹದ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಗ್ರಹಗಳಿಗಿಂತ ಶನಿಯು ಜಾಸ್ತಿ ಬಲ್ಜ್ ( Bulge ) ಆಗುತ್ತದೆ. ನೀವು ಧ್ರುವದಿಂದ ಧ್ರುವಕ್ಕೆ ಹೋಲಿಸಿದಲ್ಲಿ ಅದು ಒಂದೇ ಆಗಿರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಶನಿಯು ಮಧ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ 10.7% ದಪ್ಪವಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಗುರು ಗ್ರಹವು ಮಧ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ 6.9% ದಪ್ಪವಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಹಾಗಾಗಿ ಶನಿಯು ಗುರು ಗ್ರಹಕಿಂತ ಜಾಸ್ತಿ ಬಲ್ಜ್ ಆಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ.

ಯುರೇನಸ್ ಮಧ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ 2.3% ದಪ್ಪವಾಗಿ , ನೆಪ್ಚೂನ್ 1.7% ದಪ್ಪವಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ.ಅವು ಸಹ ಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ದುಂಡಗಿರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ

ಮಂಗಳ ಮತ್ತು ಭೂಮಿ ಗ್ರಹಗಳು ಚಿಕ್ಕದಾಗಿವೆ ಮತ್ತು ಶನಿ ಮತ್ತು ಗುರು ಗ್ರಹಗಳಂತೆ ವೇಗವಾಗಿ ತಿರುಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ , ಆದರೆ ಶನಿ ಮತ್ತು ಗುರು ಗ್ರಹಗಳಿಗಿಂತ ದುಂಡಗಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ಮಂಗಳವು ಮಧ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ೦.6% ಮತ್ತು ಭೂಮಿಯು ೦.3 % ದಪ್ಪಗಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ಇವುಗಳು ಸಹ ಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ದುಂಡಗಿರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ.

ಭುದ ಮತ್ತು ಶುಕ್ರ ಗ್ರಹಗಳು ಎಲ್ಲಕ್ಕಿಂತ ದುಂಡಾಗಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ಅವು ಗೋಲಿಗಳಂತೆ ಬಹುತೇಕ ಪರಿಪೂರ್ಣ ಗೋಳಗಳಾಗಿವೆ.