These are the churches of Lalibela.
Eleven monolithic medieval churches carved into the rock face are located in a mountainous region 645 km from Addis Ababa, in the heart of Ethiopia. They are believed to have been built in the 12th century by King Lalibela, who began construction of the "New Jerusalem" after the Muslim conquest interrupted Christian pilgrimages. Lalibela flourished after the fall of the Aksumite Empire (400 BC/950 AD).
The church was not built using traditional construction methods, but rather by carving a single block of bedrock. Doors, windows, columns, different floors, and roofs were cut from this block. This massive construction project was completed by a large-scale system of drainage channels, ditches, passageways, and sometimes openings leading to hermit caves or catacombs.