What computer technology amazed you in 2000 that seems primitive today?

 The year 2000, although 25 years ago, was not that different technologically than today. I think 1998/1999 was a turning point in personal technology and technology culture (2007/2008 was another turning point).

Computers running Windows and MacOS* existed. The internet existed. Email and instant messaging was common. Mobile telephony existed, even some rudimentary mobile internet. Many of the companies that form the backbone of our techscape existed - Apple, Amazon, Microsoft, Google, even Netflix (though not in its current form). The only significant one missing is Meta.

In 2000, on a personal level;

I had a “multi-band” GSM mobile phone. This meant it worked in most places around the world. That was impressive.

I had a handheld computer. Contacts, calendars, notes, email, to-do lists, ebooks, all in my pocket and on the move. Synchronised with the equivalent on my computer. That was impressive.

I had WiFi in my home. That was groundbreaking.

I had broadband. No tying up a phone line and no screeching modem.

I had a supercomputer in my home.

So, not much different than what I have today.

Except;

Multi-band GSM is normal now - every phone is multi-band and GSM these days. And that phone was 2G - not even 2.5G - hence no data. Telephony and SMS only.

My handheld computer, some called it a personal digital organiser, was millions of times less powerful than the iPhone in my pocket. It had a 320x320 greyscale (4 shades of grey) screen, and no wireless networking capability (cellular, WiFi or Bluetooth). I had to sync it with a computer in order to update content, send and receive email etc. Update: I forgot I also had a modem for it that I could plug into a phone line if I needed to sync while away from a computer.

My WiFi (802.11b - 10mbps) was a thousand times slower than my current WiFi (6E - 10gbps). My home broadband - DSL over copper wire (I think it was 1mbps) - slower still.

My “supercomputer” was a 450MHz PowerMac G4. A few millions of times less powerful than my current M2 Apple Silicon MacBook, I’m not even going to look up the benchmark scores.

* although, not the modern MacOS - that first came out in 2001.

SSD Types (Different Types of SSDs)

Solid-state drives (SSDs) have become increasingly popular in recent years due to their faster performance and lower power consumption compared to traditional hard disk drives (HDDs). SSDs use flash memory to store data, eliminating the need for mechanical parts that can cause slow read and write speeds, as well as increased power consumption and susceptibility to damage. There are several types of SSDs available on the market, including SATA SSDs, M.2 SSDs, NVMe SSDs, PCIe SSDs, and SAS SSDs. Each type has its own unique set of features, advantages, and disadvantages, making it important to choose the right type of SSD for your specific needs.

In this guide, we will discuss the different types of SSDs and their pros and cons, to help you make an informed decision when purchasing an SSD.

What is an SSD?

SSD stands for Solid-State Drive, which is a type of data storage device that uses NAND-based flash memory to store and retrieve data. Unlike traditional hard disk drives (HDDs), which use spinning disks and read/write heads to access data, SSDs have no moving parts, making them faster, more reliable, and less prone to mechanical failure. SSDs are commonly used in laptops, desktops, and servers to provide faster boot times, application loading, and file transfer speeds. They are also used in consumer electronics such as smartphones, tablets, and digital cameras, due to their small size and low power consumption.

How SSDs work?

SSDs work by storing and retrieving data using NAND-based flash memory chips. These memory chips are organized into blocks, pages, and cells.

Each cell in an SSD can store multiple bits of data, typically either 2 or 3 bits per cell, which is known as multi-level cell (MLC) or triple-level cell (TLC) technology, respectively. This allows SSDs to store more data per unit of space than traditional hard drives.

To write data to an SSD, the controller chip sends an electrical charge to the appropriate memory cells, which changes their state to either 0 or 1, depending on the desired data value.

To read data from an SSD, the controller retrieves the electrical charge from the memory cells and interprets it as the corresponding data value.

SSDs also use wear-leveling algorithms to evenly distribute write operations across all the memory cells, which helps to prolong the lifespan of the drive.

Additionally, many SSDs have built-in error correction and data encryption capabilities to protect data integrity and security.

Overall, SSDs offer faster performance, lower power consumption, and greater durability compared to traditional hard drives, making them a popular choice for a variety of computing and storage applications.

Different Types of SSDs

There are several types of SSDs available in the market today. Here are some of the most common types.

• SATA SSDs: These are the most common type of SSDs and use the same interface as traditional hard drives. They are compatible with most laptops and desktops, but their performance is limited by the SATA interface.
• NVMe SSDs: These SSDs use the NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory Express) interface, which provides faster data transfer speeds compared to SATA SSDs. They are ideal for high-performance applications such as gaming, video editing, and data centers.
• M.2 SSDs: M.2 SSDs are smaller in size than traditional SATA SSDs and are commonly used in ultra-thin laptops and tablets. They use either the SATA or NVMe interface, depending on the model.
• PCIe SSDs: These SSDs use the PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express) interface, which provides even faster data transfer speeds compared to NVMe SSDs. They are commonly used in high-end gaming PCs and workstations.
• SAS SSDs: SAS (Serial Attached SCSI) SSDs are designed for enterprise-level applications that require high reliability, data security, and scalability. They use a SAS interface and are commonly used in data centers and servers.

Each type of SSD has its own unique advantages and disadvantages, and the choice depends on the specific needs of the user.

SATA SSDs

SATA SSDs (Solid-State Drives) are a type of SSD that use the same interface as traditional hard drives. SATA SSDs are available in various sizes and capacities, and they can be used to replace traditional hard drives in laptops, desktops, and other devices that use the SATA interface.

SATA SSDs offer several advantages over traditional hard drives, including faster boot times, application loading, and file transfer speeds.

They also consume less power and generate less heat than traditional hard drives, making them ideal for use in portable devices such as laptops.

However, SATA SSDs are limited by the SATA interface, which can slow down their performance compared to other types of SSDs, such as NVMe SSDs.

SATA SSDs typically have read and write speeds of up to 600 MB/s, while NVMe SSDs can achieve speeds of over 3,000 MB/s.

Overall, SATA SSDs are a good choice for users who want to upgrade their existing laptops or desktops with faster and more reliable storage, but don’t require the highest possible performance.

Pros

• Affordable: SATA SSDs are generally the most affordable type of SSD.
• Widely compatible: SATA SSDs are compatible with most desktops, laptops, and servers.
• Low power consumption: SATA SSDs consume less power than other types of SSDs.

Cons

• Limited performance: SATA SSDs have lower read and write speeds compared to other types of SSDs.
• Limited form factors: SATA SSDs are typically only available in 2.5-inch and M.2 form factors.

NVMe SSDs

NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory Express) SSDs are a type of SSD that use the NVMe interface to transfer data between the SSD and the computer’s CPU. NVMe is a high-speed, low-latency interface that is designed specifically for SSDs, and it provides faster data transfer speeds compared to the older SATA interface used by traditional hard drives and SATA SSDs.

These SSDs typically use the M.2 form factor and can achieve read and write speeds of up to 3,500 MB/s, making them ideal for high-performance applications such as gaming, video editing, and data center workloads.

NVMe SSDs can also handle a higher number of input/output operations per second (IOPS), which is important for applications that require fast random access to large amounts of data.

In addition to their high performance, NVMe SSDs also consume less power and generate less heat compared to traditional hard drives and SATA SSDs, making them ideal for use in laptops and other portable devices.

However, NVMe SSDs are generally more expensive than SATA SSDs, and they may not be compatible with all computer systems. In order to use an NVMe SSD, the computer must have an available NVMe interface or an adapter that can convert the NVMe interface to a compatible interface such as PCIe.

Pros

• High performance: NVMe SSDs offer the highest read and write speeds of any type of SSD.
• Low latency: NVMe SSDs offer lower latency compared to SATA and M.2 SSDs.
• Wide range of form factors: NVMe SSDs are available in M.2, U.2, and PCIe card form factors.

Cons

• Expensive: NVMe SSDs are typically more expensive than SATA and M.2 SSDs.
• Limited compatibility: NVMe SSDs may not be compatible with all systems, and some older systems may not support NVMe.

M.2 SSDs

M.2 SSDs are a type of SSD that use the M.2 form factor to connect to a computer’s motherboard. M.2 SSDs are smaller and more compact than traditional 2.5-inch SATA SSDs, and they are commonly used in ultra-thin laptops, tablets, and other mobile devices.

These SSDs can use either the SATA or NVMe interface, depending on the model. SATA-based M.2 SSDs typically offer read and write speeds of up to 600 MB/s, which is similar to traditional 2.5-inch SATA SSDs.

NVMe-based M.2 SSDs, on the other hand, can achieve read and write speeds of up to 3,500 MB/s, making them ideal for high-performance applications.

M.2 SSDs come in a variety of sizes and capacities, with the most common sizes being 2242, 2260, and 2280. The numbers in the size refer to the length and width of the SSD in millimeters, with 22mm being the width and the second number representing the length.

M.2 SSDs offer several advantages over traditional SATA SSDs, including smaller size, faster speeds, and the ability to be used in ultra-thin devices.

However, they may not be compatible with all computer systems, and users should check their computer’s specifications to ensure compatibility before purchasing an M.2 SSD.

Pros

• Small form factor: M.2 SSDs are very small, making them ideal for use in thin laptops, ultrabooks, and other mobile devices.
• High performance: NVMe M.2 SSDs offer high read and write speeds.

Cons

• Limited compatibility: M.2 SSDs may not be compatible with all systems.
• Limited storage capacity: M.2 SSDs typically have lower storage capacities compared to other types of SSDs.

PCIe SSDs

PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express) SSDs are a type of SSD that use the PCIe interface to transfer data between the SSD and the computer’s CPU. PCIe is a high-speed interface that provides faster data transfer speeds compared to the SATA and NVMe interfaces used by other types of SSDs.

These SSDs come in a variety of form factors, including add-in cards, U.2 drives, and M.2 drives. They can achieve read and write speeds of up to 15,000 MB/s or more, making them ideal for high-end gaming PCs, workstations, and servers that require fast data transfer speeds and low latency.

PCIe SSDs are typically more expensive than other types of SSDs, but they offer higher performance and lower latency.

They are also designed for use in high-end systems that require maximum performance, such as gaming PCs and workstations.

One disadvantage of PCIe SSDs is that they may not be compatible with all computer systems, and users should check their computer’s specifications to ensure compatibility before purchasing a PCIe SSD.

Additionally, some PCIe SSDs may require additional power connections or cooling to operate at maximum performance.

Pros

• Extremely high performance: PCIe SSDs offer the highest read and write speeds of any type of SSD.
• Wide range of form factors: PCIe SSDs are available in PCIe card, U.2, and M.2 form factors.

Cons

• Expensive: PCIe SSDs are typically the most expensive type of SSD.
• Limited compatibility: PCIe SSDs may not be compatible with all systems, and some older systems may not support PCIe.

SAS SSDs

SAS (Serial Attached SCSI) SSDs are a type of SSD that use the SAS interface to transfer data between the SSD and the computer’s CPU. SAS is a high-speed interface that was originally designed for use with hard drives and has since been adapted for use with SSDs.

These SSDs are typically used in enterprise storage environments, such as data centers and server farms, where high performance, reliability, and data integrity are critical.

SAS SSDs offer high endurance and reliability, with read and write speeds of up to 12,000 MB/s or more, making them ideal for use in demanding applications such as financial trading, scientific research, and data analysis.

SAS SSDs are typically more expensive than other types of SSDs, but they offer higher performance and reliability. They are also designed for use in enterprise-class systems that require maximum performance and uptime.

One disadvantage of SAS SSDs is that they may not be compatible with all computer systems, and users should check their computer’s specifications to ensure compatibility before purchasing a SAS SSD.

Additionally, SAS SSDs may require additional power connections or cooling to operate at maximum performance.

Pros

• High performance: SAS SSDs offer high read and write speeds, making them ideal for use in enterprise storage environments.
• High reliability: SAS SSDs are designed for use in enterprise-class systems that require maximum uptime and data integrity.

Cons

• Expensive: SAS SSDs are typically more expensive than other types of SSDs.
• Limited compatibility: SAS SSDs may not be compatible with all systems.

Comparison of Different Types of SSDs

Here is a comparison table of different types of SSDs.

Type of SSD	Interface	Form Factor	Maximum Speed		Typical Applications	Price Range
			Read	Write
SATA SSD	SATA III	2.5-inch, M.2	Up to 550 MBps	Up to 520 MBps	Consumer desktops, laptops, and entry-level servers	$30 to $200+
NVMe SSD	NVMe	M.2, U.2, PCIe Card	Up to 7,000 MBps	Up to 5,000 MBps	Gaming PCs, workstations, high-performance desktops and servers	$50 to $600+
M.2 SSD	SATA III, NVMe	M.2	SATA – Up to 600 MBps NVMe – Up to 3,500 MBps	SATA – Up to 600 MBps NVMe – Up to 3,300 MBps	Thin laptops, ultrabooks, tablets, and other mobile devices	$30 to $500+
PCIe SSD	PCIe	M.2, U.2, PCIe Card	Up to 15,000 MBps	Up to 15,000 MBps	High-end gaming PCs, workstations, and servers	$100 to $1,000+
SAS SSD	SAS	2.5-inch, U.2	Up to 12,000 MBps	Up to 4,000 MBps	Enterprise storage, data centers, and server farms	$200 to $1,000+

Which Type of SSD to Buy?

The type of SSD to buy depends on your specific needs and budget. If you are looking for an affordable and widely compatible SSD, a SATA SSD might be a good choice. On the other hand, if you are looking for the highest performance available, a PCIe SSD might be a better option.

If you are looking for an SSD to use in a thin and mobile device, an M.2 SSD is a good option. If you need a high-performance SSD for use in an enterprise-class system, a SAS SSD might be the best choice.

It is important to consider the factors such as performance, storage capacity, form factor, compatibility, and price while selecting an SSD. Once you have identified your specific needs and budget, you can weigh the pros and cons of each type of SSD and select the one that best meets your requirements.

Conclusion

Choosing the right type of SSD can make a significant difference in the performance and reliability of your computer or storage system. Understanding the advantages and disadvantages of each type of SSD, including SATA, NVMe, M.2, PCIe, and SAS, is crucial in making an informed decision.

SATA SSDs are affordable and widely compatible, while NVMe SSDs offer high performance and low latency. M.2 SSDs are ideal for use in thin and mobile devices, while PCIe SSDs offer the highest performance available. SAS SSDs are designed for use in enterprise-class systems that require maximum uptime and data integrity.

Ultimately, the type of SSD that you choose will depend on your specific needs and budget. By weighing the pros and cons of each type, you can make an informed decision and select the best SSD for your system.

ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ ನಾವು ಹೇಳುವ ಕೆಲಸಗಳನ್ನು ಹೇಗೆ ನಡೆಸುತ್ತದೆ? ನಮ್ಮ ಕಮಾಂಡ್ ಗಳನ್ನು ಯಾವ ರೀತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತದೆ?

 ನಾವು ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ ನಿಂದ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಬಯಸಿದಾಗ, ಕೀಬೋರ್ಡ್ ಅಥವಾ ಇನ್ನಾವುದೋ ಇನ್ಪುಟ್ ಸಾಧನವನ್ನು ಬಳಸಿಕೊಂಡು ಸೂಚನೆಗಳನ್ನು ಕೊಡಬೇಕು. ಈ ಸೂಚನೆಗಳು ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ ಗೆ ಅರ್ಥವಾಗುವ ಭಾಷೆಯಲ್ಲಿರಬೇಕು. ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ ನಮ್ಮ ಸೂಚನೆಗಳನ್ನು ವ್ಯಾಖ್ಯಾನಿಸಲು, ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ ಆಪರೇಟಿಂಗ್ ಸಿಸ್ಟಮ್ ಅಥವಾ ಸಾಫ್ಟ್‌ವೇರ್ ಅನ್ನು ಬಳಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಈ ಸಾಫ್ಟ್ವೇರ್ ನಮ್ಮಿಂದ ಸ್ವೀಕರಿಸಿದ ಆಜ್ಞೆಗಳನ್ನು ಅಥವಾ ಸೂಚನೆಗಳನ್ನು ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್‌ಗೆ ಅರ್ಥವಾಗುವಂತಹ ಭಾಷೆಗೆ ಭಾಷಾಂತರಿಸಲು ಮಾನವನಿಂದ ಪ್ರೋಗ್ರಾಮ್ ಮಾಡಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿರುತ್ತದೆ.

ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ ಬೈನರಿ ಭಾಷೆಯನ್ನು ಮಾತ್ರ ಅರ್ಥಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತದೆ . ಅಂದರೆ 0 (ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಸಂಕೇತದ ಅನುಪಸ್ಥಿತಿ) ಮತ್ತು 1 (ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಸಂಕೇತದ ಉಪಸ್ಥಿತಿ). ಆದರೆ ನಾವು ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷ್, ಕನ್ನಡ, ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್, ಜರ್ಮನ್ ಹೀಗೆ ಹಲವು ಭಾಷೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮಾತನಾಡುತ್ತೇವೆ. ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ ಅವು‌ಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ ಸಂವಹನ ನಡೆಸಲು ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಮಾನವ ಸೂಚನೆಗಳನ್ನು ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ ಸೂಚನೆಗಳಾಗಿ ಪರಿವರ್ತಿಸಲು ಸಾಫ್ಟ್‌ವೇರ್ ಅಗತ್ಯವಿದೆ. ಇದು ನಮ್ಮ ಸೂಚನೆಗಳನ್ನು ಪ್ರಾಸೆಸ್ ಮಾಡಿ ಅದಕ್ಕನುಗುಣವಾಗಿ output ದೊರಕಿಸಿಕೊಡುತ್ತದೆ..

ಒಂದು ತುಂಬಾ ಸರಳವಾದ ಉದಾಹರಣೆಯನ್ನು ನೋಡೋಣ. ನನಗೆ ಈ ದಿನದ ದಿನಾಂಕ ಮತ್ತು ಈ ಹೊತ್ತಿನ ಸಮಯ ತಿಳಿದುಕೊಳ್ಳಬೇಕೆಂದಿದೆ ಅಂದುಕೊಳ್ಳೋಣ. ನಾನು ಲಿನಕ್ಸ್ ಮೇಲೆ ವರ್ಕ್ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದೇನೆ ಎಂದಿಟ್ಟುಕೊಳ್ಳೋಣ. ಈಗ ನಾನು date ಎಂದು ಸೂಚನೆ ಕೊಟ್ಟರೆ ತಕ್ಷಣ ನನಗೆ ದಿನಾಂಕ ಮತ್ತು ಸಮಯನ್ನು ಪರದೆಯ ಮೇಲೆ ಮೂಡಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದು ಹೇಗೆ ಸಾಧ್ಯವೆಂದರೆ, date, ಇದೊಂದು program. ಇದನ್ನು execute ಮಾಡಿದಾಗ, ಆ program file ನಲ್ಲಿ ಇರುವ ಎಲ್ಲ ಸೂಚನೆಗಳು execute ಆಗುತ್ತವೆ ಅದರ ಪರಿಣಾಮವಾಗಿ ನಮಗೆ ದಿನಾಂಕ ಮತ್ತು ಸಮಯ ತಿಳಿಯುತ್ತದೆ.

ನಾವು ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರಿಗೆ ಸೂಚನೆಗಳನ್ನು ಕೊಡಬೇಕಾದರೆ ನಮಗೆ ಬೈನರಿ ಭಾಷೆ ಗೊತ್ತಿರಬೇಕೆಂದೇನಿಲ್ಲ. ನಮಗರ್ಥವಾಗುವ ಇಂಗ್ಲೀಷ್ ಭಾಷೆಯ ಹೋಲಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿಯೇ ಇರುವ programming ಭಾಷೆಗಳನ್ನು ಬಳಸುತ್ತೇವೆ. ಇದನ್ನು ವ್ಯಾಖ್ಯಾನಿಸಿ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರಿಗೆ ಅದರ ಅರ್ಥವನ್ನು ತಿಳಿಸುವ ಕೆಲಸ compiler ಅಥವಾ interpreter ಗಳದ್ದಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ಇವುಗಳೆಲ್ಲವನ್ನು ಅರ್ಥ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಂಡು ಅದಕ್ಕನುಗುಣವಾಗಿ processor ಕೆಲಸ ನಿರ್ವಹಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.

ಫ್ರಂಟ್ ಎಂಡ್ ಡೆವಲಪರ್ ತಿಳಿದುಕೊಳ್ಳಬೇಕಾದ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು ಯಾವುವು?

 front end ಎಂದರೆ ಬಳಕೆದಾರರು ನೇರವಾಗಿ ಸಂವಹನ ನಡೆಸುವ ವೆಬ್‌ಸೈಟ್‌ನ ಭಾಗ. ಇದನ್ನು ಅಪ್ಲಿಕೇಶನ್‌ನ Client Side ಎನ್ನಬಹುದು. ಬಳಕೆದಾರರು ನೇರವಾಗಿ ಬಳಸುವ ಎಲ್ಲವನ್ನೂ ಇದು ಒಳಗೊಂಡಿದೆ. ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗೆ, text colors, styles, images, graphs, tables, buttons, ಮತ್ತು navigation menu. ನಾವು ವೆಬ್‌ಸೈಟ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು, ವೆಬ್ ಅಪ್ಲಿಕೇಶನ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಅಥವಾ ಮೊಬೈಲ್ ಅಪ್ಲಿಕೇಶನ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ತೆರೆದಾಗ ಬ್ರೌಸರ್ ಪರದೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕಂಡುಬರುವ ಎಲ್ಲದರ ರಚನೆ, ವಿನ್ಯಾಸ, ನಡವಳಿಕೆಗಳನ್ನು ಫ್ರಂಟ್ ಎಂಡ್ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ.

HTML, CSS, ಮತ್ತು Javascript ,ಇವು ಫ್ರಂಟ ಎಂಡ್ ಕೋಡಿಂಗ್‌ನ ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಮೂಲಭೂತ ಬಿಲ್ಡಿಂಗ್ ಬ್ಲಾಕ್‌ಗಳಾಗಿವೆ.

ಹಲವಾರು Front End Framework ಮತ್ತ Libraries ಕೂಡ ಇವೆ.

• jQuery ಜಾವಾಸ್ಕ್ರಿಪ್ಟ್ ಲೈಬ್ರರಿಯಾಗಿದೆ. jQuery, ಜಾವಾಸ್ಕ್ರಿಪ್ಟ್ನೊಂದಿಗೆ ವೇಗವಾಗಿ ಮತ್ತು ಸುಲಭವಾಗಿ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿಪಡಿಸುವ ಪ್ಲಗಿನ್‌ಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ವಿಸ್ತರಣೆಗಳ ಸಂಗ್ರಹ. jQuery , ಹಲವಾರು ರೆಡಿ ಟು ಯೂಸ್ ಅಂದರೆ ಸಿಧ್ಧ ಅಂಶಗಳನ್ನು ಸೇರಿಸಲು ಅನುಮತಿಸುತ್ತದೆ, ನಂತರ ನಮ್ಮ ಅಗತ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ತಕ್ಕಂತೆ ಕಸ್ಟಮೈಸ್ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳಬಹುದು. countdown timers, search form autocomplete, rearranging & resizing grid layouts, ಈ ತರಹದ ವಿಷಯಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ ನಾವು jQuery ಅನ್ನು ಬಳಸಬಹುದು.
• AngularJs ಎನ್ನುವುದು ಜಾವಾಸ್ಕ್ರಿಪ್ಟ್ ಓಪನ್ ಸೋರ್ಸ್ ಫ್ರಂಟ್-ಎಂಡ್ ಫ್ರೇಮ್‌ವರ್ಕ್ ಆಗಿದೆ, ಇದನ್ನು ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಏಕ ಪುಟ ವೆಬ್ ಅಪ್ಲಿಕೇಶನ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿಪಡಿಸಲು ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ
• React ಎನ್ನುವುದು user interface ಗಳನ್ನುಪರಿಣಾಮಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿ ನಿರ್ಮಿಸಲು ಬಳಸುವ ಜಾವಾಸ್ಕ್ರಿಪ್ಟ್ ಲೈಬ್ರರಿಯಾಗಿದೆ. ಇದು ಓಪನ್-ಸೋರ್ಸ್, ಕಾಂಪೊನೆಂಟ್-ಆಧಾರಿತ ಫ್ರಂಟ್ ಎಂಡ್ ಲೈಬ್ರರಿಯಾಗಿದೆ

ಚಿತ್ರ ಕೃಪೆ : ಗೂಗಲ್

ಆಪರೇಟಿಂಗ್ ಸಿಸ್ಟಮ್ ಎಂದರೇನು?

 ಆಪರೇಟಿಂಗ್ ಸಿಸ್ಟಮ್ (ಓಎಸ್) ಏನು ಎಂದು ಅರ್ಥ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಮೊಬೈಲಿನ ಆಂಡ್ರಾಯ್ಡ್ ಅಥವಾ ಐಓಎಸ್ ಆಪರೇಟಿಂಗ್ ಸಿಸ್ಟಮ್ ಅನ್ನು ಅರ್ಥ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಂಡರೆ ಅನುಕೂಲ.

ಒಂದು ಹೊಸ ಮೊಬೈಲಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾವುದೇ ಆಪ್ ಡೌನ್ಲೋಡ್ ಮಾಡದೆ ಏನೇನು ಕೆಲಸಗಳನ್ನು ಮಾಡಬಹುದೋ ಅವೆಲ್ಲವೂ ಆಪರೇಟಿಂಗ್ ಸಿಸ್ಟಮ್ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಡುವ ಸಾಫ್ಟ್ವೇರ್ ಮಾಡುವ ಕೆಲಸಗಳು.

ಅಷ್ಟೇ ಅಲ್ಲ, ಆಪ್ ಡೌನ್ಲೋಡ್ ಮಾಡಲು ಆಮೇಲೆ ಅವುಗಳನ್ನು ನಡೆಸಲು ಸಹಾಯ ಮಾಡುವುದೂ ಕೂಡಾ ಇದೇ ಓಎಸ್.

ಮೊಬೈಲ್ ಓಎಸ್ ಏನೆಲ್ಲಾ ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ ನೋಡೋಣ:

1. ಓಎಸ್ ಎಂಬುದು ಮೊಬೈಲ್ ಮತ್ತು ಬಳಕೆದಾರನ ಮಧ್ಯೆ ಇರುವ ಏಜೆಂಟ್. ಒಂದು ಲಾಡ್ಜ್ ಗೆ ಹೋದರೆ ರಿಸೆಪ್ಷನಿಸ್ಟ್ ಸ್ವಾಗತ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಾಳೆ. ನಿಮ್ಮ ವಿವರಗಳನ್ನು ಮತ್ತು ಅಗತ್ಯಗಳನ್ನು ತಿಳಿದುಕೊಂಡು ರೂಂ ಮತ್ತು ಊಟದ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಾಳೆ. ಓ ಎಸ್ ಕೂಡ ಡಿವೈಸಿನ ಸ್ಕ್ರೀನನ್ನು ಬಳಕೆದಾರನಿಗೆ ಆಕರ್ಷಕವಾಗಿ ಮತ್ತು ಅನುಕೂಲಕರವಾಗಿ ಇಡುತ್ತದೆ.
2. ಎಸ್ ಎಂ ಎಸ್, ಎಂ ಎಂ ಎಸ್ ಗಳನ್ನು ಕಳಿಸುವ ಮತ್ತು ಸ್ವೀಕರಿಸುವ ಕೆಲಸವನ್ನು ಓಎಸ್ ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ.
3. ಇಂಟರ್ನೆಟ್ ಜಾಲಾಡಲು ವೆಬ್ ಬ್ರೌಸರುಗಳನ್ನು ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸಲು ಓಎಸ್ ಅನುವು ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ.
4. ಇತರ ಮೊಬೈಲು ಅಥವಾ ಟಿವಿ ಅಥವಾ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ ಗಳ ಜತೆ ಸಂಪರ್ಕ ಸಾಧಿಸಲು ಬ್ಲೂಟೂತ್, ವೈಫೈ ಮುಂತಾದ ಸೇವೆಗಳನ್ನು ಓಎಸ್ ದೊರಕಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.
5. ಮೆಸೇಜುಗಳನ್ನು, ಹಾಡುಗಳನ್ನು, ಬರಹಗಳನ್ನು, ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳನ್ನು ಸಂಗ್ರಹ ಮಾಡಲು ಓಎಸ್ ಒಬ್ಬ ಮ್ಯಾನೇಜರ್ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ.
6. ಒಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಎರಡು ಮೂರು ಕೆಲಸಗಳನ್ನು ಮಾಡಲೂ ಓಎಸ್ ಬೇಕು.
7. ಹಲವು ಭಾಷೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಸಂವಹನ ನಡೆಸಲು ಓ ಎಸ್ ಸಹಾಯ ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ.
8. ಇವಲ್ಲದೆ ನೂರಾರು ತರಹದ ಆಪ್ ಗಳನ್ನು ನಡೆಸಲು ಓಎಸ್ ಬೇಕೇ ಬೇಕು.

ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ ಗಳ ಓ ಎಸ್ ಕೂಡ ಹೀಗೆಯೇ ಹಾರ್ಡ್ವೇರ್ ಮತ್ತು ಬಳಕೆದಾರರ ಮಧ್ಯೆ ಇರುವ ಅತ್ಯಾವಶ್ಯಕ ಸಾಫ್ಟ್ವೇರ್.

ಪ್ರಮುಖವಾದ ಪರ್ಸನಲ್ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ ಗಳ ಓಎಸ್ ಯಾವುವೆಂದರೆ ಮೈಕ್ರೋಸಾಫ್ಟ್ ವಿಂಡೋಸ್, ಆಪಲ್ ಮ್ಯಾಕ್ ಓಎಸ್, ಗೂಗಲ್ ನ ಕ್ರೋಂ ಓಎಸ್ ಮತ್ತು ಲೀನಕ್ಸ್.

ಒಂದು ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟರ್ ಆಗಲೀ, ಮೊಬೈಲ್ ಆಗಲೀ, ಸರ್ವರ್ ಆಗಲೀ ಓ ಎಸ್ ಅನ್ನು ಈ ಕೆಳಗಿನ ಚಿತ್ರದಂತೆ ತೋರಿಸಬಹುದು.

Five safety tips for using a public computer

Public computers in libraries, Internet cafes, airports, and copy shops can be safe if you follow a few simple rules when you use them.

Read these tips to help keep your work, personal, or financial information private.

• Don't save your logon information

  Always log out of websites by clicking "log out" on the site. It's not enough to simply close the browser window or type in another address.
  Many programs (especially social networking websites, web mail, and instant messenger programs) include automatic login features that will save your user name and password. Disable this option so no one can log in as you.

• Don't leave the computer unattended with sensitive information on the screen

  If you have to leave the public computer, log out of all programs and close all windows that might display sensitive information.
• Erase your tracks

  Internet Explorer offers InPrivate browsing that leaves no trace of specific web activity. 
  Internet Explorer also keeps a record of your passwords and every page you visit, even after you've closed them and logged out.
  Disable the feature that stores passwords
  Before you go to the web, turn off the Internet Explorer feature that "remembers" your passwords.
  1. In Internet Explorer, click Tools  and then click Internet Options.
  2. Click the Content tab, and then click Settings, next to AutoComplete.
  3. Click to clear the check box for User names on passwords and forms.
  Delete your temporary Internet files and your history
  When you finish your use of a public computer, you can help protect your private information by deleting your temporary Internet files. For information on how to delete temporary Internet files see Delete webpage history.

• Watch for over-the-shoulder snoops

  When you use a public computer, be on the look out for thieves who look over your shoulder or watch as you enter sensitive passwords to collect your information.

• Don't enter sensitive information into a public computer

  These measures provide some protection against casual hackers who use a public computer after you have.
  But keep in mind that an industrious thief might have installed sophisticated software on the public computer that records every keystroke and then emails that information back to the thief.
  Then it doesn't matter if you haven't saved your information or if you've erased your tracks. They still have access to this information.
  If you really want to be safe, avoid typing your credit card number or any other financial or otherwise sensitive information into any public computer.

Early and rare Apple computer and tablet designs from 1980

1. Apple I (1976)

The very first Apple computer model ever sold did not come with a case, keyboard, or a display. But it was advertised as "fully assembled" since users did not have to solder all the chips to the board. Such was the nature of the Apple I, a computer designed by Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak as a way to show off to the Homebrew Computer Club. The Apple I's major innovation was combining a video terminal and a computer onto the same circuit board, which allowed customers to use an ordinary TV set as a display.

With only about 200 made, the Apple I is very rare today and often fetches hundreds of thousands of dollars on the auction block. If you have one you don't want any more, let me know.

(Photo: Apple, Inc.)

2. Apple II (1977) / Apple II Plus (1979)

Upon the urging of Steve Jobs, Wozniak followed up on the Apple I with the Apple II in 1977. The Apple II was one of the first personal computers to ship "ready to go" out of the box in a complete case (in lightweight plastic, another innovation) with a keyboard and power supply built in. It was also the first PC with integrated color graphics, and like its predecessor, could use an ordinary home TV set as a display, which cut down significantly on the cost of ownership.

In 1979, Apple followed up the II with the II Plus (which looked nearly identical to the II), an under-the-hood upgrade that shipped with AppleSoft BASIC interpreter in ROM so that it would be ready instantly at boot.

(Photo: Apple, Inc.)

3. Apple III (1980)

In 1980, Apple released its first computer that had not been designed by Steve Wozniak, the business-oriented Apple III. With a sky-high price (between $4,340 to $7,800, or about $12,674 to $22,779 when adjusted for inflation), complex circuit design, a divergence from the Apple II platform, and several design defects including improper ventilation that deformed the motherboard, the III flopped hard. While Apple developed its own advanced command-line operating system (SOS) for the III, few used it. Instead, many simply booted the machine into Apple II compatibility mode.

(Photo: Apple, Inc.)

4. Apple IIe (1982)

With the failure of the Apple III behind it, Apple continued to extend its popular Apple II platform throughout the 1980s. The first major upgrade of the decade came in the form of the Apple IIe, which shipped with support for an official 80-column text option, lowercase characters (yes, that was considered a feature once), more RAM (64K standard, upgradeable to 128K), and several other more minor enhancements. The IIe proved very popular, and Apple continued selling this model (with several revisions) until 1993.

(Photo: Apple, Inc.)

5. Apple Lisa (1983)

Unlike Apple's last attempt at a business platform (the III), the Lisa proved to be a technologically groundbreaking machine. Chief among its achievements: It introduced the mouse-driven Graphical User Interface (GUI) to the mainstream, which paved the way for the Macintosh and Microsoft Windows. However, the Lisa's $9,995 base price (about $24,156 today, adjusted) coupled with an underpowered CPU and troublesome disk drives made it a failure in the marketplace. The following year, Apple upgraded the Lisa with a Mac-like 3.5-inch floppy drive and an internal hard drive option, but the platform never took off.

(Photo: Apple, Inc.)

6. Apple Macintosh (1984)

The Macintosh, launched in January 1984, garnered acclaim for compressing much of the mouse-and-window functionality of the Lisa into a smaller, lighter computer that retailed for $2,495. The Macintosh was a success out of the gate, albeit a shaky one due to the limitations of the first model (especially its 128K RAM). Apple doubled down on the Mac, improving its hardware continuously and dramatically over time with new models while expressing wholesale support for the new platform, which became the star breadwinner for the firm until its iPod and iPhone years in the early to mid-2000s.

(Photo: Apple, Inc.)

7. Apple IIc (1984)

Aside from perhaps the Macintosh 512K (released in September 1984), the Apple IIc represented the last major hardware release during our Golden Age of Apple, which ended when Steve Jobs left the company in 1985. The IIc took Apple's most successful platform -- the Apple II -- and streamlined it into a slim, appliance-like design that integrated many functions (two serial ports, mouse port, disk controller, 80-column card) that had traditionally required plug-in cards on the IIe. It also included a built-in disk drive, further enhancing its ease of use. The IIc proved very popular, and its launch in mid-1984 served as a notable cap on Wozniak and Jobs's time together at the company they founded eight years prior.

(Photo: Apple, Inc.)