What was the largest and longest supernova observed?

 Considering naked eye observation from the Earth, SN 1006 was definitely the brightest supernova event recorded in history. The number 1006 refers the year it was seen, a common way to designate supernova events. It reached a peak magnitude of 

$-7.5M$ and the reason it appeared as bright as quarter of Moon light is because, later it was found out that this Supernova is just (now a remnant) 7200 light years away. It stayed in the peak magnitude for two days, April 30th and May 1st, as recorded by the then Egyptian astronomer Ali Ibn Ridwan (Ali ibn Ridwan - Wikipedia). Later Chandra Observatory explored the faint X-ray signals from this Supernova remnant and it was confirmed to be a Type 1 supernova (X-Ray View of A Thousand-Year-Old Cosmic Tapestry).

But, if You extend the observation beyond the naked eye then there are two more important events that need to be mentioned.

Using the ASASSN telescope (All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae - Wikipedia), scientists discovered the most luminous supernova event (SN2015l). The event reached a magnitude of $-23.5\pm 0.1$ but from earth it was impossible to see with naked eye as the galaxy where this event took place is located around 3.8 billion light-years away (ASASSN-15lh: A highly super-luminous supernova). Just to give you an idea of the magnitude of this event we can draw a comparison. We all know that Sirius is the brightest star in the night sky and it’s about 9 light years away. If this supernova event would have happened at that distance then it would have blazed almost as powerfully as the Sun. If it were as close as Pluto then it would have eaten up the whole solar system. Now, as a student of Cosmic Ray (CR) science, these events are extremely useful as we believe that Supernova are the sources of CRs which hit earth from all direction every moment, and these events are proof that the Supernova explosions do have enough energy that they can act as CR sources.

Last but not the least, before SN 2015l event, there was one more interesting event recorded on 2006 which was the then most luminous event recorded (An extremely luminous supernova in the galaxy NGC 1260) with peak magnitude recorded at $-22$, where the galaxy NGC 1260 was 238 million light years away. To reach the peak magnitude from $-15$ to $-22$it took around 20 days, so definitely it was a long event.

This event was believed to be the result of the death of a massive star, like Eta Carinae (Discovery of the most luminous supernova ever recorded, powered by the death of an extremely massive star like Eta Carinae). Now if You don’t know Eta Carinae, check it out and it’s definitely one of the most interesting star which is 7500 light years away and believed to be exploding as a supernova soon.

Now if You recall the first event I mentioned SN 1006, the distance of the supernova was around 7200 light years away and the Supernova was seen from many different parts of the world, so we should expect to see the massive explosion of the binary system of Eta Carinae from Earth. So let’s hope for the best !

What is a Supernova?

 A supernova is a massive explosion that occurs when a star reaches the end of its life cycle. This explosion releases an immense amount of energy, making a supernova one of the brightest and most powerful events in the universe.

A supernova can outshine an entire galaxy for a short time, releasing more energy in a few seconds than the Sun will emit in its entire lifetime!

How Does a Supernova Happen?

There are two main types of supernovae, each with a different cause:

1. Type I Supernova (White Dwarf Explosion)

• Occurs in a binary star system, where two stars orbit each other.
• One of the stars is a white dwarf (a dense remnant of a small to medium-sized star).
• The white dwarf steals matter from its companion star, increasing in mass.
• When it reaches a critical mass (about 1.4 times the mass of the Sun, called the Chandrasekhar Limit), it undergoes a runaway nuclear explosion, destroying itself.

• 2. Type II Supernova (Massive Star Collapse)
• Happens when a massive star (at least 8 times the mass of the Sun) runs out of nuclear fuel.
• The star can no longer support itself against gravity, causing the core to collapse.
• The outer layers of the star fall inward, then rebound outward in a violent explosion.
• This type of supernova leaves behind a neutron star or a black hole.

• Stages of a Supernova Explosion

Stage 1: Star’s Life Cycle

• A star spends most of its life burning hydrogen in nuclear fusion, producing helium.
• Over time, it fuses heavier elements like carbon, oxygen, neon, silicon, and iron.
• When iron forms in the core, fusion stops because iron doesn’t release energy when fused.

Stage 2: Core Collapse (Only in Type II Supernovae)

• Since fusion no longer generates energy, gravity overcomes the outward pressure.
• The core collapses within a fraction of a second, reaching temperatures of billions of degrees.

Stage 3: Supernova Explosion

• The outer layers crash into the collapsed core and rebound outward, creating a shock wave.
• This releases a burst of neutrinos and electromagnetic radiation.
• The explosion blasts heavy elements into space.

Stage 4: Remnant Formation

• Depending on the mass of the core, it turns into either: A neutron star (if the core is 1.4 to 3 times the Sun’s mass). A black hole (if the core is more than 3 times the Sun’s mass).
• What Does a Supernova Leave Behind?

1. Supernova Remnant

• The expanding cloud of gas and dust left after the explosion.
• Famous examples: Crab Nebula (SN 1054) and Cassiopeia A.

2. Neutron Star

• An ultra-dense leftover core of a supernova.
• A teaspoon of neutron star material weighs about 4 billion tons!
• If it spins rapidly and emits radiation, it’s called a pulsar.

3. Black Hole

• If the core is massive enough, gravity crushes it into a singularity, forming a black hole.
• Not even light can escape a black hole’s gravity.
• Effects of a Supernova

1. Element Creation

• Supernovae create heavy elements like gold, silver, uranium, and iron.
• These elements later form planets, asteroids, and even life.
• Everything on Earth, including our bodies, contains elements from ancient supernovae!

2. Cosmic Radiation

• Supernovae send out cosmic rays, which affect space weather and can influence Earth’s atmosphere.

3. Shock Waves in Space

• The explosion pushes gas and dust outward, triggering the formation of new stars.

4. Destruction of Nearby Planets

• If a planet is too close (within 50 light-years), the radiation can strip its atmosphere and destroy life.
• Will Our Sun Go Supernova?

No. The Sun is not massive enough (it’s only 1.0 solar mass). Instead, it will turn into a red giant, then shrink into a white dwarf.

• Could a Supernova Affect Earth?

A supernova within 50 light-years of Earth could be dangerous because of:

• Gamma-ray bursts damaging the ozone layer.
• Radiation exposure affecting life.
• Disruptions in Earth’s climate.

Luckily, there are no supernova candidates that close to us.

• Conclusion

A supernova is the dramatic death of a star, resulting in a powerful explosion that shapes the universe. It spreads heavy elements, forms neutron stars and black holes, and even influences the formation of new stars and planets.