Why is it difficult to understand quantum computing?

 

It's not difficult if you know a little bit of math, physics and electronics and can solve the Schrödinger equation that describes quantum systems, at least for a few simple systems, to understand the foundation, strength and limits of these systems. The Schrödinger equation in quantum systems is similar to Maxwell's equations for electrical systems or, more applied, similar to Ohm's and Kirchhoff's laws for digital systems, without which the essence of digital computers cannot be understood. The apparent difficulty of quantum computing comes from excessive marketing, and by excessive and unrealistic (unphysical) mathematical extrapolation of quantum systems, without building a real device to confirm or disprove those extrapolations. Without experimental confirmation, any description, even if is mathematical or algorithmic, is not scientific and implicitly is not technologically feasible. There are currently many mathematical and algorithmic extrapolations assumed to be related to quantum computing, but which in the absence of experimental confirmation represent only extrapolations/utopias or even technological noise, noise that contributes to the apparent difficulty to understand quantum computing for a beginner.

Essentially, after someone plays a little bit with basic quantum systems and solves the Schrödinger equation related to them and experiments a little bit with real physical systems confirming the theoretical solutions, he finds out that systems that have at least two quantum states can be used as units of quantum information, i.e. qubits (quantum bits): which can be: an electron's spin pointing up for 1 noted ∣1⟩ or down for 0 noted ∣0⟩ or vice versa, a photon's polarization, a microscopic magnetic state, etc. The quantum system thus identified with the two states ∣0⟩ and ∣1⟩ can be described in general through a state vector ∣ ⟩ which represents the quantum superposition of the two states, mathematically described through ∣ ⟩ = α∣0⟩ + β∣1⟩ which represents an informational "and" of the two states.

Quantum information processing means any transformation performed on quantum information unit (qubit) ∣ ⟩, through various quantum transformations (quantum gates) such as: as spin rotations, photon polarization changes, energy level transitions, phase shifts, etc. These transformations essentially modify at the single bit level the values ​​of α and β which establish the probabilistic weight of the basic states ∣0⟩ and ∣1⟩ between which there is the normative constraint ∣𝛼∣² + ∣𝛽∣² = 1.

To extract information from a quantum system, in this case from a processed qubit, we must apply a macroscopic measuring device that operates according to digital logic which describes digital (classical) bits b in which the states 0 and 1 are not superposed but can be exclusively either 0 or 1.

The measurement process (i.e. extracting information from a quantum system and using it at the macroscopic level, representing the transformation of ∣ ⟩ into b) involves probabilistic collapsing of the quantum system ∣ ⟩ into one of its basic states ∣0⟩ or ∣1⟩ (which now become real digital/macroscopic bits 0 or 1 ) with the respective probabilities ∣𝛼∣² or ∣𝛽∣² due to the macroscopic interaction with the quantum system and represents the greatest limitation/challenge of quantum computers.

Understanding Female Psychology

 

Understanding women can be tough for many guys, but it doesn't have to be. Here are 10 easy facts about female psychology that can help you connect better with the women in your life.

1. Worry About Other Girls: When a woman loves you, she may worry about other girls in your life. If she checks your phone or social media, it means she cares about you.
2. Missing You: If a woman says she misses you, even jokingly, take it seriously. It shows she thinks about you a lot and wants you to feel the same way.
3. Hidden Feelings: Women often don’t say what they really feel. They might say they are fine when they are not. Pay attention to their body language and expressions to understand their true feelings.
4. Inner Child: Women enjoy being with their partners. When they feel safe and loved, their playful side comes out, even if they are feeling down.
5. Attention to Details: Women notice small things, like your haircut or outfit. If they ask how they look, it’s important to compliment them. This makes them feel appreciated.
6. Love for Attention: Women love when their partners give them attention. If you show you care, they will like you even more.
7. Confidence Matters: Women are attracted to confident men. They feel safe with someone who can protect them and handle tough situations.
8. Fighting Shows Care: If a woman argues with you, it often means she cares. A relationship without any fights might mean there are issues that need to be addressed.
9. Voice Changes: When a woman talks to someone she loves, her voice may sound different—higher or softer. This is a natural reaction when she feels connected.
10. Deep Love: Women may take time to fall in love, but when they do, they want to spend quality time with their partner. They appreciate honesty and loyalty.

By understanding these simple facts, you can improve your relationship with women. If you want to know more about female psychology, keep learning and observing.