What is the only continent that lies in all four hemispheres?

 The dividing line between the northern and southern hemisphere is the equator.

As you can see, the equator cross three continents, South America, Africa, and Asia:

The dividing line between the eastern and western hemisphere is the prime meridian on one side of the globe and 180th meridian on the other side (typically referred to as the international date line.

As you can see, the prime meridian crosses three continents, Europe, Africa, and Antarctica:

The only continent that is crossed by both the equator and the prime meridian is Africa.

The exact point where the equator crosses the prime meridian (0°N/S and 0°E/W) is in the Gulf of Guinea, which lies off the coast of west Africa.

EDIT TO ADD (and thanks to Ben Fielding for pointing this out):

Kiribati is a sovereign, independent island nation in the south-central Pacific:

It lies at it lies at 1.87° N to 3.37° S latitude, and 157.36° W to 173.00° E longitude. As you can see on the map above, both the equator and antimeridian (180°W) cross it. The means that part of Kiribati is in the northern hemisphere and part is in the southern hemisphere, and part is in the eastern hemisphere and part is in the western hemisphere. While Kiribati has a total land area is only 313 square miles (811 square km), the total breadth of all the islands expands 2,400 miles (3,900 km),

Since Kiribati is considered part of Oceania, that means Oceania is a second continent that lies in all four hemispheres.

Was the Indian continent part of Madagascar?

 

After ripping away from Madagascar, the Indian plate sprinted across the ocean at 20 centimeters per year—an absolute speed record for tectonic plates.

To understand how they separated, it helps to look back about 200 million years to the supercontinent Gondwana. This colossal landmass contained what is today Africa, South America, Antarctica, Australia, the Indian subcontinent, and Madagascar. As tectonic forces began pulling Gondwana apart, it did not shatter all at once. It broke into massive fragments in a sequence of geological separation.

First, the western half of Gondwana (Africa and South America) split away. Later, Antarctica and Australia drifted off. What remained was a conjoined island landmass consisting largely of India, Madagascar, and the Seychelles. For tens of millions of years, this isolated block harbored a shared ecosystem. Paleontologists have discovered strikingly similar fossils in both regions from this period, including related species of large abelisaurid dinosaurs, proving the two landmasses shared a contiguous environment.

The final breakup between India and Madagascar occurred roughly 88 to 90 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous period. Intense volcanic activity from a mantle plume—specifically the Marion hotspot—weakened the crust connecting them. A colossal rift formed, eventually filling with the waters of the young Indian Ocean.

Once free, India's relentless northward journey ended when it violently collided with the Eurasian plate, crumpling the Earth’s crust and thrusting the Himalayas into the sky.

Madagascar, meanwhile, barely moved. It remained anchored near the African coast, where tens of millions of years of profound isolation allowed it to develop a completely unique, heavily forested ecosystem. Today, examining the rock strata on the eastern coast of Madagascar and the western coast of India reveals a perfect geological jigsaw puzzle, a permanent footprint of the era when these two vastly different places were joined together.

ಏಷ್ಯಾ ಖಂಡ

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