How was the rule of NTR from 1983–1989?

 His major contribution being the stoppage of the communal clashes.Till that time almost every year Hindu Muslim clashed are a common sight.The main reason behind the clashes is termed as communal,but in actual sense it is instigated by antisocial elements who are under instruction from politicians. There are number of factions in congress and always other group than who is CM creates such riots to de fame him and unseat him.That is the reason behind so many Congress CMs have been changed. Police were helpless.

After NTR taken over he gave full powers to Police and they could control the riots and seen that it will not be repeated in future.

1.Also he prohibited cheap liquor called “sara” in telugu.

2.Divestment of non-performing state industry to private sector such as Allwyn to Mahindra & Mahindra

3.Strong states with a stronger center economic model initiated by NTR approved by the country

4.Pay cheques of category 3 or lower employees can be cashed only with a spousal signature, thus creating an explicit legal right for women in their spouse's earnings. (To avoid gambling and drinking away the check before the wife sees any money.)

5.NTR created a new commondo force for the state and was very successful in combating nazalism both ideologically and militarily

6.He adorned the Tank Bund road in Hyderabad with the statues of great Telugu personalities creating a sense of heritage and pride among Telugu people.

7.He built the largest bus station in Asia at the time in Hyderabad, theMahatma Gandhi Bus Station (MGBS) .

8.NTR introduced a mid-day-meal program for primary school children from families earning less than Rs. 500/month

9.He successfully audited and brought the actual implementation of local body reservations program (for women, scheduled castes and scheduled tribes) compliant with the law. Even though the law was passed 15 years before he came to office, it was never fully implemented. He successfully passed 55% reservations for backward castes in professional educational institutes but was rebuked by the High Court and was forced to withdraw the legislation.

10.NTR successfully repealed the Andhra Safe Road Transport Act that nationalized private bus services saying he wanted to encourage small business allowing for private buses to compete with government road transport. He changed the mandate of government transportation to provide road service for under-served markets (villages). Every village got road service during his tenure. He was however unable to deliver on his promise to relax the 1976 Urban Land Ceiling Act and 1975 Agricultural Land Ceiling Act. He argued that the land ceiling act interfered with small local entrepreneurs but was providing case by case exemptions to the politically connected and multi-national-corporations.

His further achievements are

He can not be termed as only a regional leader. His national attitude is well known. He solved many water and other issued with neighboring States through discussions.

Overall, his is rule is progressive,uncorrupt and transparent.

What was the effect of the British rule on the old zamindars?

 Obviously there were new changes which happened during the British rule like the introduction of Permanent Settlement of Bengal in 1793 which was an agreement between the British and the zamindars on the land revenue.The zamindars got exclusive rights on their lands and could collect taxes and give a share of it to the government.

But another major change was the compromise on various traditions to cater to the needs of the British. Beef and Ham dishes from the Wilson’s Hotel(Kolkata) were served to the British men who attended the famous Shovabazar Durga pujo.

Shovabazar Durga puja was started by Maharaja Naba Krishna Deb at his rajbari in 1757. This guy along with Mir Jafar,Amir Beg and Ramchand Roy were responsible for the downfall of Siraj Ud Daulah. So Mir Jafar was not the only traitor,there were many more including Naba Krishna Deb.

All these ministers were given about 8 crore from the treasury of Murshidabad and were given lands to rule.Naba Krishna Deb got the region of Sutanuti,Shovabazar(Sutanuti was one of the three villages which formed Kolkata).He built his rajbari in Shovabazar(named after Shobaram Basak who was among the “Seths and Basaks” of Saptagram,these were Jain(seth) and bengali(basak) traders from the earlier port Saptagram which was abandoned once Kolkata was founded because of changing river course of Saraswati).

Naba Krishna Deb used the wealth given to him after the Battle of PLassey to build his rajbari,a few streets in Shobhabazar(Naba Krishna street),a few temples like the Lal Mondir and to celebrate the famous Durga puja festival.

Robert Clive attending the Durga pujo of Shovabazar rajbari-it became a tradition for the British to visit this pujo after Robert Clive

This Durga puja became a fashion and status symbol for the merchant class of Kolkata and compromised on many traditions. It was made into a party with muslim nautch girls dancing.The British men in these parties were offered beef and ham which were completely against Hindu traditions.

Lord Kartikeyar was dressed in European breeches instead of his traditional dhuti-churidar.Interestingly the worship of Lord Ganesha along with the other deities in Shovabazar Durga puja was popularised by the marwari traders of the lineage of Jagat Seth. The Durga idol was dressed with jewellery of the Mughals and Nawabs of oudh.

Worship of Ganesha in Shovabazar Durga Puja(lower left corner)-popularised by the marwari traders of Bengal

This was just one zamindar family.There were plenty of changes brought with time.Making a religious festival into a grand European party was one of them.

Even to this day,we make a lot of compromises to celebrate Durga puja in Kolkata like revealing faces of the idols before Sasthi or making various “themed” puja pandals because it has now become a status symbol.This is often disliked by the more traditional people of Bengal,Assam and Odisha.

Which ancient dynasty of India had the longest period of rule?

 

• The Alupa also known as Alva as an ancient ruling dynasty of India
• From circa 2nd century C.E to 15th century C.E.
• They ruled over coastal Karnataka lasted for about 1200 years.

• Common languages: Sanskrit, Tulu and Kannada.
• Religion: Hinduism and Jainism..
• Government : Monarchy

• Later they became the vassals of the Chalukyas Dynasty , Rashtrakuta Dynasty and Hoysalas Empire with the change in political scenario of Southern India.
• ·The Alvas or Alupas were a minor dynasty in Western Karnataka but the longest reigning dynasty of Tulu Nadu that ruled without interuption for almost 1000 - 1200 years over the small territory of coastal Karnataka.
• The Alupas were one of the three dynasties that issued gold coins as early as 8th century CE. The gold that used to mint coins came from trade with the Romans, Arabs and from the adjacent kingdom of Gangas. No other ancient dynasties of the south have issued that many varieties of gold coins as Alupas and Gangas did.

They built some temples in their area of rule

1. Sri Rajarajeshwari Temple, Polal

2. Sri Manjunatheshwara Temple, Kadri

3. Sri Mahishamardini Temple, Neelavara

4. Sri Panchalingeshwara Temple, Vittla

5. Sri Anantheshwara Temple, Udupi

Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alupa_dynasty